the Chapter 7 Systems of classification
Medicinal forms.
Classification on a modular status. Substances. Classification,
Based on way of application of medicinal forms, it is offered
V.A.Tikhomirov.
Dispersologic classification (on the basis of a structure disperse
Systems).
Systems of classification of medicinal forms.
Rather a plenty of medicinal forms used in
Modern pharmacy, speaks about necessity preliminary them
Ordering and creation of rational classification
Medicinal forms.
There are different systems of classifications of medicinal forms,
Based on different principles:
Classification on a modular status.
It is offered by academician J.K.Trappom. All medicinal forms on
To a modular status divide into 4 groups: firm, liquid,
Soft, gaseous.
Firm LF: gathering, powders, tablets, candles, mustard plasters,
Capsules.
Liquid LF: solutions, suspensions, emulsii, drops, nastoi, broths,
Mixtures, plugins.
Soft LF: ointments, adhesive tapes, suppozitorii, capsules gelatinous,
Pastes.
Gaseous LF: gases, pairs, aerosols.
Classification on a modular status the oldest, she
It is convenient for primary division LF. A modular status
In part defines speed of action of a medical product of m
It is to a certain extent connected with certain technological
Processes.
2) More perfect is the classification based on
A way of application of medicinal forms, it is offered V.A.
Tikhomirov. On the basis of ways of conducting all medicinal forms
Divide into 2 big groups: enteralnye (through digestive)
A path and parenteralnye (passing a digestive path).
To enteralnym the following ways of introduction concern: through a mouth, under
Language, through a direct gut. The oldest and widespread
A way - peroralnyj (an armour. ðår - through, îris - a mouth). It
The most simple and convenient way, through a mouth it is convenient to accept and
Firm and liquid medicinal forms. For some substances
peroralnyj the way of introduction is inefficient, since substances
Collapse or under influence of enzymes of intestines, or in sour
To the environment of a stomach (pankreatin, insulin). Besides thus
Ability of introduction of medicinal substance is found out in
A blood channel not earlier than through 30 '. Therefore this way
Introductions cannot be used at rendering fast medical
The help. Updating of the advanced way is
sublingvalnoe introduction (under language). Medicinal substances
Are rather quickly soaked up through mucous a mouth,
Act in system of blood circulation, passing gastroenteric
A path and a liver (where it is possible inaktivatsija medicinal
Substances).
Sublingvalno substances with high activity are appointed
(sexual hormones, validol, nitroglycerine).
Rektalnyj the way of introduction - through a direct gut - is convenient in a nursery
To practice, at patients in a unconsciousness. Vsasyvanie
Medicinal substances comes through 7 - 10 ', thus they
Act in the general krovatok, passing a liver. Medicinal substances
Are not exposed to influence of enzymes of a digestive path.
Parenteralnye (an armour. - par entheron - by intestines) a way
Conducting differs the big variety. This drawing on a leather,
Easily accessible mucous membranes, inektsionnye and inhalation
Ways of introduction. Many are applied to influence on a leather
Medicinal forms (powders, ointments, pastes, linimenty). Action
Medicinal substances can be the general and local. Mustard plasters,
Put on a breast, cause expansion of blood vessels
The bottom finitenesses. Through a leather are well soaked up phenol,
Camphor, iodine, medicines as emulsy.
Drawing medical products on mucous is widely applied
Shells: eye, inside nosovye, ear. Mucous membranes
Possess good soaking up function in view of presence big
Quantities of capillary blood vessels. Mucous membranes
Are deprived a fat basis, therefore well soak up water solutions
Medicinal substances. A special place among parenteralnyh LF
Borrow inhalation (an armour. un habarå to inhale). With their help
Make introduction of medicinal substances through respiratory
Ways: gases (oxygen, zakis nitrogen, ammonia), easily flying
Liquids (an ether, chloroform). Poorly flying liquids are entered at
The help of inhalers. Intensity vsasyvanija medicinal
Substances speaks a huge surface of air cells (50-
80 m2) and a plentiful network of blood vessels. Action fast,
Since there is a direct penetration of medicinal substances in
krovatok.
To number parenteralnyh LF concern inektsionnye LF, entered
By means of a syringe. Medicinal substances will quickly penetrate in
Blood also have an effect through 1 - 2 ' and earlier. Inektsionnye
Medicinal forms it is necessary at rendering of the urgent help,
Are convenient at a unconsciousness and for introduction LS,
Collapses in a gastroenteric path. In connection with special
By way of introduction inektsionnyh LF to them are showed special
Requirements: sterility, apirogennost, absence mechanical
Inclusions.
Classification LF on ways of introduction has mainly
Value for the doctor. She is more perfect, than classification on
To a modular status. She has technological value, since.
Depending on a way of introduction to medicinal forms
The certain requirements which performance should are showed
To be provided with technological process. However its lack
Is that different LF, distinguishing from each other by the form,
Technologies, concern to uniform group, for example powders and
Mixtures (peroralno).
3) Dispersologichesaja classification (on the basis of a structure
Disperse systems). All complex LF by the nature are
Various disperse systems. The distributed substance
Makes a disperse phase of system, and the carrier - continuous
The dispersive environment.
Dispersologicheskaja classification LF is offered N.A.
Aleksandrovymi A.S.Prozorovskim also is developed. This classification
It is created on the basis of the following attributes: presence or absence
Communications between particles dispervnoj systems; a modular status
The dispersive environment; izmelchennost a disperse phase.
In modern classification of disperse systems distinguish 2
The basic groups: svobodnodispersnye systems and svjaznodispersnye
Systems.
Svobodnodispersnye systems. These systems are characterized
Absence of interaction between particles of a disperse phase,
Due to what they can freely move the friend be relative
The friend under influence of thermal movement or a gravity. Particles
A disperse phase are not connected with each other in one continuous grid.
Such systems possess fluidity and all other properties,
Characteristic for liquids. These systems name disperse
p.ch. The disperse phase is crushed on three measurements: to length,
To width and thickness. Depending on presence or absence
The dispersive environment and its modular status of system
Subdivide into some subgroups.
Systems without the dispersive environment.
In this case particles of firm substance are not distributed in
To weight of the carrier, i.e. the dispersive environment is absent (she not
It is brought in process of manufacturing LF) .Po dispersivenesses these systems
Subdivide on grubodispersnye (gathering) and melkodispersnye
(Powders). Receive them by mechanical crushing and
Hashing. The basic properties are: big specific
A surface; a corresponding stock free superficial
Energy; raised adsorbtsionnye properties; subordination
To gravity.
Systems with the liquid dispersive environment.
This subgroup covers all liquid LF. She is subdivided on:
à) solutions - homogeneous systems with the maximal crushing
A disperse phase (1 - 2íì), connected to solvent at
Absence of an interface between phases;
á) zoli or kolloidnye solutions. The sizes of a diameter of particles not
Exceed 100 microns, the border section between phases is planned
(ultramikrogeterogennye systems);
â) suspensions (suspension) - microheterogeneous systems with firm
A disperse phase and the liquid dispersive environment. The border undressed
Between phases it is visible to the naked eye. The sizes of a diameter
Particles does not exceed 100 microns.
ã) emulsii - the disperse systems consisting of 2 liquids, not
Soluble or slaborastvorimyh in each other, a phase and environment-
Liquids vzaimonesmeshivajushchiesja. The sizes of a diameter of drops
A liquid phase do not exceed 20 microns.
ä) combinations of the listed systems.
Receive these systems by dissolution, suspendirovanija and
emulgirovanija. Mixtures concern to this subgroup, drops,
Rinsings, plugins, water extraction. A special place in this
To a subgroup borrow inektsionnye LF (solutions, zoli, suspensions,
emulsii). Sterility is necessary for them and asepticheskie
A condition of manufacturing.
Systems with plastic or uprugovjazkoj the dispersive environment. On
To a modular status the dispersive environment borrows average
Position between a liquid and a firm body. Depending on
Dispersivenesses and a modular status of a phase these systems
Subdivide similarly to systems with the liquid dispersive environment
On: à) solutions; á) zoli; â) suspensions; ã) emulsii; ä)
The combined systems. Or other division: 1)
The shapeless systems which are looking like a continuous lump (an ointment,
Pastes) to which cannot give the geometrical form; 2)
formirovannye the systems having certain correct
Geometrical forms (candles, balls, sticks).
Systems with the firm dispersive environment.
Gas mixes - analogues of solutions, aerosols - analogues concern
kolloidnyh solutions, fogs - analogues emulsy, and a dust-
Analogues of suspensions.
Svjaznodispersnye systems. These systems will consist of fine particles
The firm bodies adjoining with each other and spajannyh in points
Contacts at the expense of molecular forces, forming in
To the dispersive environment original spatial grids and
Skeletons. Particles of a phase are refused to be displaced and can
To make only oscillatory movements.
Svjaznodispersnye systems can contain the dispersive environment or
To be free from it.
Systems without the dispersive environment. These are firm porous bodies,
Received by compression or pasting of powders (a granule,
The pressed tablets).
Impregnated svjaznodispersnye systems. Now this
The subgroup is not medicinal forms. She includes
Bases which use for manufacturing of ointments,
suppozitoriev.
Medicinal treatment is inextricably related with LF. In connection with that,
That efficiency of treatment depends from LF, to her are showed
The following general requirements:
Conformity to medical purpose, bioavailability medicinal
Substances in given LF and corresponding pharmacokinetics;
Uniformity of distribution of medicinal substances in weight
Auxiliary components and from here accuracy of batching;
Stability during a period of storage;
Conformity to norms microbic kontaminatsii, if necessary
Conservations;
Convenience of reception, an opportunity korrigirovanija unpleasant taste;
Compactness.
, etc. the specific requirements reflected in GF or other.
The specifications and technical documentation.
System of Classification (+) - value (-) - lacks.
1. On a modular status
2. On a way of introduction
3. On the basis of a structure of disperse systems
1.1 It is convenient for primary division LF.
1.2 Allows to define approach and speed of action LF
(liquid LF operate faster, than firm, as firm LF
Before to be soaked up, should will be dissolved in biological
Liquids of an organism).
2.1. The way of conducting defines force and speed of display of action
Medicinal substance.
2.2Èìååò technological value since depending on a way
Introductions to lek. To forms show opred. Requirements, performance
Which should be provided with technological process.
3.1. Structural type LF defines the technological circuit.
3.2. Allows to expect stability LF during storage
Both homogeneous (steady), and heterogeneous (astable)
Systems.
3.3. Enables to estimate quality visually
The prepared preparation solutions transparent (gomogen.sistemy),
Suspensions muddy
(heterogeneous systems).
1.1. the special requirements showed to LF in
are not taken into account
Dependences on a way of application (powders d/internal
Applications and the powders rendered on ranevuju a surface.
1.2. A modular status not soder. Information about tehnologichesk.
Processes which are used at manufacturing LF.
2.1 Different LF, sharply differ from each other by the form. To structure
And technologies, are switched on in the same group (powders and mixtures
For
Internal application).
